3.12 Fate of Left Oppositionists after Trotsky's exile (1929–1941)Ĭhildhood and family (1879–1895).3.5 Trotsky's contribution to the Russian Revolution.3.1 Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Brest-Litovsk (1917–1918).2.3 First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903).2.2 First marriage and Siberian exile (1899–1902).2.1 Revolutionary activity and imprisonment (1896–1898).2 Early political activities and life (1896–1917).Written out of Soviet history books under Stalin, Trotsky was one of the few Soviet political personalities whom the Soviet administration under Nikita Khrushchev did not rehabilitate in the 1950s. After surviving multiple attempts on his life, Trotsky was assassinated in August 1940 in Mexico City by Ramón Mercader, an agent of the Soviet NKVD. In 1938 Trotsky and his supporters founded the Fourth International in opposition to Stalin's Comintern. He spent the rest of his life in exile, writing prolifically and engaging in open critique of Stalinism. He became one of the seven members of the first Bolshevik Politburo in 1919.Īfter the death of Lenin (January 1924) and the rise of Joseph Stalin, Trotsky gradually lost his government positions the Politburo eventually expelled him from the Soviet Union in February 1929. From March 1918 to January 1925, Trotsky headed the Red Army as People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and played a vital role in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. Once in government, Trotsky initially held the post of Commissar for Foreign Affairs and became directly involved in the 1917–1918 Brest-Litovsk negotiations with Germany as Russia pulled out of the First World War. As chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, he played a key role in the October Revolution of November 1917 that overthrew the new Provisional Government. After the 1917 February Revolution brought an end to the Tsarist monarchy, Trotsky returned from New York via Canada to Russia and became a leader in the Bolshevik faction. He once again escaped, and spent the following 10 years working in Britain, Austria, Switzerland, France, Spain, and the United States. Trotsky helped organize the failed Russian Revolution of 1905, after which he was again arrested and exiled to Siberia. In 1903, he sided with Julius Martov's Mensheviks against Lenin's Bolsheviks during the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party's initial organisational split. He escaped from Siberia in 1902 and moved to London, where he befriended Vladimir Lenin. In 1898, he was arrested for revolutionary activities and subsequently exiled to Siberia. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism which has become known as Trotskyism.īorn to a wealthy Ukrainian-Jewish family in Yanovka (now Bereslavka), Trotsky embraced Marxism after moving to Nikolayev in 1896. Lev Davidovich Bronstein (7 November 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky ( / ˈ t r ɒ t s k i/), was a Ukrainian-Russian Marxist revolutionary, political theorist and politician.
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